Assessing the reversal burden of proof in the crime of money laundering as a proxy crime in crypto assets
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Perpetrators of money laundering have found a new medium by using crypto assets to launch their actions. Money laundering is a proxy crime as a manifestation of actions aimed to covering up crimes secretly, especially using third parties as intermediaries. Therefore, by using this new complexity mechanism, it will be increasingly difficult for law enforcers to prove money laundering crime. This difficulty occurs due to the anonymity of crypto assets so that the perpetrators can easily carry out their actions. In using normative juridical research methods and a conceptual approach, this research aims to look again at the use of evidentiary mechanisms in dealing with money laundering, mainly when carried out through crypto assets. Based on the research results, the implementation of stand-alone money laundering in Article 69 and reversal burden of proof in Article 77 on the Law of Money Laundering is considered ineffective in ensnaring perpetrators on crypto assets because: (1) they will have difficulties in finding the subjective and objective elements of the perpetrator, (2) the practice of reversal burden of proof evidence is still unclear in Indonesia. Meanwhile, re-enforcing negative evidence based on law can be implemented as a form to handle money laundering perpetrators in crypto-asset transactions.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Agoes, E. R. (2013). Peran hukum dalam pembangunan di Indonesia: Kenyataan, harapan, dan tantangan (I. Idris (ed.)). PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Andrianto, R. (2023). Termasuk Rafael Alun, cuci uang di Kripto tembus Rp 126 T. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/research/20230512131208-128-436863/termasuk-rafael-alun-cuci-uang-di-kripto-tembus-rp-126-t
Asshiddiqie, J., & Safa’at, M. A. (2006). Teori Hans Kelsen tentang hukum. Mahkamah Konstitusi RI, Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kenpaniteraan.
Bolder Group. (2023). Washing, cashing: The lost coins, treasure men and money laundering in cryptocurrency. Bolder. https://boldergroup.com/insights/money-laundering-in-cryptocurrency/
Bystranowski, P. (2017). Retributivism, consequentialism, and the risk of punishing the innocent: The troublesome case of proxy crimes. Diametros, 53, 26–49. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=584184
Bystranowski, P., & Mungan, M. C. (2021). Proxy crimes. SSRN Electronic Journal, 59, 1. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829115
Casale, E. A. (2015). Cryptocurrencies and the anonymous nature of transactions on the internet [Oregon State University]. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/honors_college_theses/m326m385w
Dornbierer, A. (2021). Illicit enrichment: A guide to laws targeting unexplained wealth. Basel Institute on Governance.
Fadhillah, H. (2016). Penerapan algoritma kriptografi vigenere dan algoritma kriptografi XOR. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303376002_PENERAPAN_ALGORITMA_KRIPTOGRAFI_VIGENERE_DAN_ALGORITMA_KRIPTOGRAFI_XOR
FATF. (2015). Guidance for a risk-based approach to virtual currencies. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF). https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/Guidance-rba-virtual-currencies.html
FATF. (2018). FATF President’s Paper: Anti-money laundering and counter terrorist financing for judges and prosecutors. FATF, Paris, France. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfgeneral/Aml-cft-judges-prosecutors.html
FATF and APG. (2016). Singapore’s measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. , Fourth Round Mutual Evaluation Report, FATF, Paris and APG, Sydney. https://www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/mutualevaluations/documents/mer-singapore-2016.html
Fauzi, P., Meiklejohn, S., Mercer, R., & Orlandi, C. (2019). Quisquis: A new design for anonymous cryptocurrencies BT - Advances in cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2019. In S. D. Galbraith & S. Moriai (Eds.), Advances in Cryptology – ASIACRYPT 2019 (pp. 649–678). Springer International Publishing.
Febriansyah, A., Zulfa, E. A., Yusuf, M., & Banjarani, D. (2023). Reversal burden of proof in process of proving money laundering cases in Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 13(1), 1. https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/ilrev/vol13/iss1/1/
Garnasih, Y. (2016). Penegakan hukum anti pencucian uang: dan permasalahannya di Indonesia. Rajawali Pers.
Guston, D. H., Fisher, E., Grunwald, A., Owen, R., Swierstra, T., & van der Burg, S. (2014). Responsible innovation: motivations for a new journal. Journal of Responsible Innovation, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/23299460.2014.885175
Hanafi, H. (2010). The dynamic aspects of criminal act and criminal liability in money laundering practices. JURNAL HUKUM IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 17(4), 633–650. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol17.iss4.art7
Husak, D. (2017). Drug proscriptions as proxy crimes. Law and Philosophy, 36(4), 345–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10982-017-9289-1
Irman, T. (2017). Money laundering: Hukum pembuktian tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam penetapan tersangka. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Ismansyah, I., Wahyuni, F., & Muchtar, H. (2020). Meretas tindak pidana korupsi &upaya penegakan hukum. Rajawali Pers.
Jahja, J. S. (2012). Melawan money laundering!: Mengenal, mencegah, & memberantas tindak pidana pencucian uang. Visimedia.
Lamintang, P. A. F., & Lamintang, F. T. (2022). Dasar-dasar hukum pidana di Indonesia. Sinar Grafika.
Lasmadi, S., & Sudarti, E. (2021). Pembuktian terbalik pada tindak pidana pencucian uang. Refleksi Hukum: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 5(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.24246/jrh.2021.v5.i2.p199-218
Mandagie, A. S. J. (2020). Proses hukum tindak pidana pembunuhan yang dilakukan oleh anak dibawah umur ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang sistem peradilan pidana anak. Lex Crimen, 9(2). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/28552
Monetary Authority of Singapore. (2022). First Singapore Presidency of FATF – Senior Advisor (International) MHA T. Raja Kumar appointed as the next FATF President. MAS. https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2022/first-singapore-presidency-of-fatf
PPATK. (2019). Tipologi pencucian uang berdasarkan putusan pengadilan atas perkara tindak pidana pencucian uang tahun 2018.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 Tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang, (2010).
Ramadhan, H. A., & Putri, D. A. (2018). Big data, kecerdasan buatan, blockchain, dan teknologi finansial di Indonesia. Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance.
Renggong, R. (2021). Hukum pidana khusus memahami delik-delik di luar KUHP (Revisi). Prenada Media.
Rizky, D. T., & Romadhona, M. K. (2022). Prinsip pembuktian perkara tindak pidana pencucian yang berdiri sendiri (Stand alone money laundering). Media Iuris, 5(3), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v5i3.36098
Safiranita, T., Ramli, A. M., Olivia, D., Gunawan C., F., & Ramadayanti, E. (2022). The role of e-commerce in escalation of digital economy in the new normal era based on Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning personal data protection. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 22(4), 437. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2022.V22.437-450
Soekanto, S. (2006). Pengantar penelitian hukum. UI Press.
Sumaryanto, A. D. (2009). Pembalikan beban pembuktian: Tindak pidana korupsi dalam rangka pengembalian kerugian keuangan negara. Prestasi Pustaka Publisher.
Syakur, S. (2021). Kewenangan penyidikan tindak pidana pencucian uang yang penyidikan tindak pidana asalnya dilakukan oleh penyidik lain. Pusat Pelaporan dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan (PPATK).
Tim Detikcom. (2021). Modus anyar cuci uang pakai kripto di skandal ASABRI terbongkar. Detik News. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5541637/modus-anyar-cuci-uang-pakai-kripto-di-skandal-asabri-terbongkar
Tomalili, R. (2019). Hukum pidana. Deepublish.
Tucker-Feltham, J. (2024). How criminals leverage non-compliant crypto exchanges for money laundering. ID Now. https://www.idnow.io/blog/how-criminals-leverage-crypto-money-laundering/#:~:text=On-chain money laundering mixers,offshore accounts and shell companies
Yanuar, M. A. (2021). Posibilitas eksistensi jenis tindak pidana pencucian uang stand alone money laundering di Indonesia. Nagari Law Review, 5(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.25077/nalrev.v.5.i.1.p.23-40.2021