Eksistensi Pemberantasan Korupsi dalam Perjanjian Investasi Internasional di Indonesia
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Dec 10, 2018
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Eksistensi Pemberantasan Korupsi Perjanjian Investasi internasional Indonesia
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Abstract
Perjanjian Investasi Internasional justru dapat melemahkan eksistensi penegakan hukum di Indonesia atas pemberantasan korupsi. Baiknya, Perjanjian Investasi Internasional di Indonesia, perlu mencantumkan pelarangan tindak pidana korupsi dalam kegiatan pra, pasca maupun perpanjangan perjanjian investasi internasional sebagaimana yang dilakukan India dalam model Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT) mereka. Selain itu, Investor dapat mengugat negara atas penegakan hukum korupsi terhadapnya, melalui celah hukum dalam konten fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) dengan alasan “denial of justice.†Apalagi konten Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) mechanism semakin mengguatkan posisi Investor di Arbitrase Internasional, karena hanya Investor dapat menggugat negara dengan ganti rugi hingga milliaran dollar. Akibatnya, Kerugian negara menjadi 2 (dua) kali lipat, kerugian yang timbul akibat tindakan korupsi yang dilakukan pelakunya dan biaya perkara di Arbitrase Internasional. Demikian, sebaiknya Indonesia juga segera mengadopsi konsep FET dalam Indonesia-New Model BIT dimana konten ini membatasi Investor untuk menggugat negara sekalipun penegakan hukum pidana.
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Widyaningrum, H. (2018). Eksistensi Pemberantasan Korupsi dalam Perjanjian Investasi Internasional di Indonesia. Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi, 4(2), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v4i2.275
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References
REFERENSI
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ICSID. Schedule Fee.
https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/icsiddocs/Schedule-of-Fees.aspx. 2 Juni 2018
NGO-Transnational Institute. 2016. Back to Basic: The Most
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Transparancy International. 2017. Corruption Preception
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https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017. 2 Juni 2018.
UNCTAD. Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaties.
https://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/7. 28 Mei 2018.
UNCTAD. 2012. Fair and Equitable Treatment.
https://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d5_en.pdf.
1 Juni 2018
UNCTAD. 2017. ISDS: Review of Development in 2017
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaepcbinf2018d2_en.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Vas, Hilde Van Der dan Riza Damanik. 2014. The Case Of
NewmontMining. https://www.tni.org/files/download/newmont-indonesia-case-4.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Berita Online
Kompas. 2012. Tiga Besar Sektor yang Rugikan Negara Akibat Korupsi.
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Perundang-Undangan
Republik Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Arbitrase dan
Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, Nomor 30 Tahun 1999
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Perjanjian
Internasional. Nomor 24 Tahun 2000.
Arbitration Award
Curchill Mining V. Indonesia Award
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw7893.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Al-warraq Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/13.
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw4164.pdf. 26 Mei 2018.
India Model BIT.
https://www.mygov.in/sites/default/files/master_image/Model%20Text%20for%20the%20Indian%20Bilateral%20Investment%20Treaty.pdf. 28 Mei 2018
Metal Tech Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/3.
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw3012.pdf.27 Mei 2018
Niko Resource Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/18,
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw6322_0.pdf. 25 Mei 2018.
Word Duty Free Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/7.
https://www.italaw.com/documents/WDFv.KenyaAward.pdf. 27 Mei 2018.
Buku
Abdurrasyid, H.Priyatna . 2011.Arbitrase dan Alternatif
Adolf, Huala. 2015. Dasar-Dasar, Prinsip, dan Filosofi
Arbitrase Catatan Ke-2. Keni Media. Bandung.
Huala, Adolf. 2014. Hukum Perdagangan Internasional. PT.
RajaGrafindo Persada. Jakarta.
Atmasasmita, Romli. 2010. Hukum Pidana Internasional
dalam Rangka Perdamaian dan Keamanan
International. Fikahati Aneska. Jakarta
Garner, Bryan A. 2004. Black’s Law Dictionary (Eight
Edition). Thomson West. USA.
Hamzah, Andi. 2008. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Rineka
Cipta. Jakarta
Hartanti, Evi. 2007. Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Sinar Grafika.
Jakarta.
Mauna, Boer. 2015. Hukum International Pengertian Peranan dan Fungsi dalam Era Dinamika Global Alumni. Bandung.
Nugroho, Susanti Adi. 2015. Penyelesaian Sengket Arbitrase dan Penerapan Hukumnya. Kencana. Jakarta
Parthiana, I Wayan . 1990. Pengantar Hukum Internasional. Mandar Maju. Bandung
Widyana, I Made. 2011. Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa dan Arbitrase. Fikahati Aneska. Jakarta.
Jurnal
Cao, Tran Bao. 2017. Proving Corruption Allegation in International Arbitration. LLM Research Paper. Faculty Of Law.Victoria University of Wellington.
https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/6301/paper_access.pdf?sequence.24Mei 2018
Makhlouf, Hany H.2016. Corruption in the International
Business Environment,†The Journal of Human
Resource and Adult Learning in University of the
District of Columbia, USA (12)1: 32-39.
https://www.hraljournal.com/Page/5%20Hany%20%20Makhlouf.pdf. 26 mei 2018.
Martin, A. TiMothy. 2002. International Arbitration And
Corruption: An Evolving Standard. International
Energy and Minerals Arbitration, Mineral Law Series.
https://timmartin.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Int-Arbi tration-Corruption-Martin2002.pdf. 27 Mei 2018.
Reeder, Matt. 2016. State Corruption in ICSID
BITArbitration: Can it be Estopped? Center For
International Commercial and Investment Arbitration,
American University Washington College of Law
(27)3: 311-325.
https://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2017/03/09/state-corruption-in-icsid-bit-arbitration.27 Mei 2018.
Hapsari, Recca Ayu .2016. Pertanggungjawaban Negara
terhadap Pengingkaran Keadilan dalam Arbitrase
Internasional. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Pranata Hukum,
Universitas Bandar Lampung. (11)1: 19-27.
Hwang, Michael and Kevin Lim. 2012. Corruption in
Arbitration, Law and Reality. Asian International
Arbitration Journal (AIAJ) (8)1: 119.
(https://www.arbitration-icca.org/media/4/97929640279647/media013261720320840corruption_in_arbitration_paper_draft_248.pdf. 26 mei 2018.
Johnson, Lise and Oleksandr Volkov. 2013. Investor-State
Contracts, Host-State “Commitments†And The Myth Of Stability In International Law. Center For International Commercial and Investment Arbitration, American University Washington College of Law. (24)3: 362-414.
file:///C:/Users/ACER/Downloads/SSRN-id2412592.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Sachet and Sooraj. 2013. Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Mechanism: The Quest for a Workable Roadmap.
Utrech Jurnal of International and European Law. (29)
76:89-90. file:///C:/Users/ACER/Downloads/41-41-1-PB.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Vandevelde, Kenneth J. 2010. A Unified Theory of Fair and
Equitable Treatment. New York University Journal of
International Law & Politics(43)1:44-104
file:///C:/Users/ACER/Downloads/SSRN-id2357642%20(1).pdf. 1 Juni 2010.
Wellhausen, Rachel. 2016. Recent Trends in Investor-State
Dispute Settlement. Journal of International Dispute
Settlement (Forthcoming) in University of Texas at
Austin (7)1: 117-135.
https://www.rwellhausen.com/uploads/6/9/0/0/6900193/wellhausen_-_recent_trends_in_isds.pdf. 2 Juni 2018.
WorldBank. 1988. Amco V. Republic of Indonesia:
Resubmitted Decision On Juridiction. ICSID
Review- Foreign Investment Law Journal (3)1.
https://icsidfiles.worldbank.org/icsid/ICSIDBLOBS/OnlineAwards/C126/DC66 3_En_old.pdf. 1 juni 2018.
Makalah
Indonesian Global Justice. Workshop Paper: Comparison of
Investment Chapter in RCEP, EU-Vietnam FTA.
Workshop on Investment Portection and ISDS in Asia.
17-19 Nvember 2016. Manila, Philipina.
Pusat Kebijakan Regional dan Bilateral Kementrian Keuangan RI, “Kajian Kerjasama Bilateral Indonesia - Amerika Serikat,†2012.
Pidato
Zayas, Alfred Maurice De. Report of the Indenpent Expert
On The Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable
International Order,†Human Right Council in Thirtieth
Session. UN General Assembly A/HRC/30/44.
Marsudi, H.E. Retno L. P. 2018. Annual Press Statement Of
The Minister For Foreign Affairs Of The Republic Of
Indonesia.
https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/pidato/menlu/Pages/PPTM2018%20MENLU%20RI%20ENG.pdf . 28 Mei 2018.
Artikel Online
BKPM. 2018. Realisasi Penanaman Modal PMDN dan PMA.
https://www2.bkpm.go.id/images/uploads/file_siaran_pers
/Paparan_Press_Release_TW_I_2018_-_IND.pdf.
28 Mei 2018.
ICSID. Schedule Fee.
https://icsid.worldbank.org/en/Pages/icsiddocs/Schedule-of-Fees.aspx. 2 Juni 2018
NGO-Transnational Institute. 2016. Back to Basic: The Most
Common Pro-ISDS claims are not supported by
Evidence. Winning Te Debate, Against Pro ISDS Voice,
An Activist’s ArgumentGuide.
https://www.ttip-stoppen.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/winning-the-debate-against-pro-isds-voices.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Transparancy International. 2017. Corruption Preception
Index 2017.
https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017. 2 Juni 2018.
UNCTAD. Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaties.
https://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/CountryBits/7. 28 Mei 2018.
UNCTAD. 2012. Fair and Equitable Treatment.
https://unctad.org/en/Docs/unctaddiaeia2011d5_en.pdf.
1 Juni 2018
UNCTAD. 2017. ISDS: Review of Development in 2017
https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaepcbinf2018d2_en.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Vas, Hilde Van Der dan Riza Damanik. 2014. The Case Of
NewmontMining. https://www.tni.org/files/download/newmont-indonesia-case-4.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Berita Online
Kompas. 2012. Tiga Besar Sektor yang Rugikan Negara Akibat Korupsi.
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2012/02/05/23125634/Tiga.Besar.Sektor.yang.Rugikan.Negara.akibat.Korupsi. 28 Mei 2018.
Kontan. 2009. Newmont Harus Ganti Biaya Perkara US$ 1,9
Juta. https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/newmont-harus-ganti-biaya-perkara-us-19-juta. 1 Juni 2018.
Perundang-Undangan
Republik Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Arbitrase dan
Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, Nomor 30 Tahun 1999
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Perjanjian
Internasional. Nomor 24 Tahun 2000.
Arbitration Award
Curchill Mining V. Indonesia Award
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw7893.pdf. 1 Juni 2018.
Al-warraq Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/13.
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw4164.pdf. 26 Mei 2018.
India Model BIT.
https://www.mygov.in/sites/default/files/master_image/Model%20Text%20for%20the%20Indian%20Bilateral%20Investment%20Treaty.pdf. 28 Mei 2018
Metal Tech Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/3.
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw3012.pdf.27 Mei 2018
Niko Resource Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/18,
https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw6322_0.pdf. 25 Mei 2018.
Word Duty Free Award, ICSID Case No. ARB/00/7.
https://www.italaw.com/documents/WDFv.KenyaAward.pdf. 27 Mei 2018.