Integritas : Jurnal Antikorupsi

Tolerance to gratification as a proxy for corruption: Comparison between Indonesia and Hong Kong

Alva Supit — 2023-11-30

Corruption is a global problem faced by every country and culture around the world. Since overt corrupt behaviour does not develop in a person overnight, it is therefore important to identify the more proximal and benign forms of corruption. In this research, taking advantage of the cultural and corruption perception index differences between Indonesia and Hong Kong, we conducted a qualitative study on the phenomenon of gratification, the act of giving a public officer monetary or physical rewards for a service they provide, even though the service is within their job description. The research subjects were drawn from Hong Kong and Indonesian college students or fresh graduates. During the interview, we found striking differences between Hong Kong and Indonesian respondents in terms of the experience of being asked for a reward, the perception and urge to give a reward, and the tendency to accept a reward during a public service transaction. Indonesian respondents are generally more exposed, familiar, and permissive to gratification than their Hong Kong counterparts. The reasons for this phenomenon were then investigated and a possible correlation of this permissiveness with the country’s corruption perception index was then discussed. It is suggested that corruption eradication must be accompanied by sociocultural and educational intervention toward naïve subjects, thus preventing them from being permissive to gratification, which can act as the proxy for active corruption in the future.

The correlation between state capture, grand corruption, petty corruption, and investment in Indonesia

Emirzal Emirzal — 2023-12-01

This study aims to find the correlations between various types of corruption, namely state cap-ture, grand corruption, and petty corruption, with foreign direct investment and domestic investment in Indonesia. Using ordinary least squares method, this study analyzes data on corruption court decisions that occurred in 509 regencies from 2015 to 2019. The results reveal that, whilst domestic investment shows clear and significant correlation only with grand corruption, the foreign direct investment has definite and significant correlations with both grand and petty corruption. In addition, grand corruption has a stronger correlation with investment, especially with the foreign direct investment, in comparison to petty corrup-tion. The state capture corruption, on the other hand, shows no significant correlation to either foreign direct investment or domestic investment. These results highlight that the high level of investment in Indonesia is accompanied by an increase in the number of corruptions, especially large-scale corruption such as grand corruption.

Using rational choice theory to understand corruption in Indonesia

Choky R. Ramadhan — 2023-11-30

Rational choice theory is used and developed to explain crime, criminals, crime prevention, and punishment (deterrent effect). According to this theory, criminals rationally consider the pleasure and suffering they will gain from committing a crime. Various theoretical and empirical studies have then developed factors that influence the rationality of criminals. This article details a collection of studies on rational choice theory and relates them to crimes of corruption. Literature on corruption crimes and efforts to prevent and eradicate them is often related to rational choice theory. Additionally, this article attempts to use rational choice theory to understand the perpetrators of corruption crimes in Sukamiskin Prison. This research is exploratory and uses dozens of unannounced inspection videos, interviews with offenders, publicly available news reports, and interviews with several parties who have visited Sukamiskin Prison. Sukamiskin Prison was chosen as a location of interest because the inmates who had been convicted of corruption crimes (corruptors) continued to engage in corrupt practices in the prison. Understanding the reasons and patterns of corruption can enrich our understanding of crimes of corruption in Indonesia using rational choice theory.

Public-Private Partnership in Indonesia: Solutions and corruption loopholes

Diaz Adiasma — 2023-11-30

We need to better understand Public-Private Partnership (PPP), since most people perceive PPP as a riskless solution for government, as it involves private sector funding. In Indonesia, infrastructure development is one of the top priority sectors for Joko Widodo’s administration, and PPP has become a viable option due to budgetary constraints. However, PPP is not an impeccable solution, as there are weaknesses and loopholes for corruption to be aware of. In this literature review, we combine our previous study on Indonesia’s toll road PPP with other PPP studies to identify the weaknesses and corruption loopholes in PPP practices in Indonesia. There is clear evidence that PPP projects could end up as “white elephants”, indicating misallocation of resources and poor planning. PPP could also be used to create “fiscal illusion” to deceive public by the government. We also discovered that toll road PPP contracts in Indonesia remain vulnerable, potentially creating room for loopholes and corruption.

The implementation of a whistleblowing system as an anti-corruption initiative in Indonesian government institutions

Agus Joko Pramono — 2023-12-01

Whistleblowing is viewed as a powerful tool to identify corruption. Apart from motivation, beha-viour, and the rights of whistleblower protection, as success factors of whistleblowing programs, current research argues that it is hard to expect the emergence of whistleblowers if channels to report wrongdoing do not exist. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore and explain the provision of whistleblowing policy and the range of whistleblowing systems and their channels as an anti-corruption initiative in Indonesian government institutions. The research utilised content analysis from secondary data and analys-ed primary data obtained through online survey completed by government auditors working in Indonesian government institutions. Indonesia has at least 618 government institutions, whereby the researcher chose the most “valuable” sample based on a hierarchy of 104 institutions from central government and provincial level; it excludes government institutions at the district and municipal level, 44 questionnaires were returned and usable (42% response rate). The research found that from these institutions, just a few have had a policy that aligned with international best practice, some were not even backed up by a policy at all. It appears that many institutions have built a whistleblowing system for lip service only; they do not provide a comprehensive policy to protect the witness, handle the report, or guarantee an investigation. Research outcomes are expected to encourage the Indonesian government to extend whistleblowing provisions in their institutions. This study can be useful as well for government institutions to get a general idea of the common content of whistleblowing policies.

Optimizing interagency coordination and supervision in corruption eradication efforts

Dudy Heryadi — 2023-11-30

This article delves into the coordination and supervision efforts of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) with regional governments, the police, and the prosecution agencies. Such responsibilities are stipulated in Law No. 19 of 2019 on the KPK. In general, our findings indicate that the utilization of MCP, JAGA, and e-SPDP applications has not been optimized as means of coordination and supervision. Furthermore, we identify that coordination and supervision with regional governments can be enhanced through Satgas Wilayah. While the coordination and supervision with the police and attorney can be concentrated on efforts to harmonize the issuance of SP3 and activities related to oversight, research, and the assessment of needs within the KPK, police, and prosecution agencies. Throughout the data collection and analysis process, we also identify substantial weaknesses in the publication of annual reports by the KPK and the Indonesian Corruption Watch (ICW) to the public. This research adopts a descriptive method, guided by the theory of interagency coordination and supported by secondary data from the annual reports of the KPK and ICW, as well as transcripts of proceedings at the Constitutional Court (MK).

Evaluation of the anti-money laundering programs implementation in Indonesia

Fany Dewi Rengganis — 2023-12-01

The term money laundering emerged in the early 19th century. Although various prevention and enforcement efforts have been developed since then, money laundering still occurs throughout the world. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out continuous evaluations to ensure that the applicable policies to curb money laundering remain adequate. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-money launder-ing programs in Indonesia using the opportunity element approach in fraud models that are represented by the regulations, implementations, and supervisions. This research will evaluate: (1) the effectiveness of money laundering control, (2) banks levels of compliance, (3) the regulatory and supervisory body’s performance, and (4) the problems in implementation of the anti-money laundering program. This study uses a qualitative research method with an evaluation approach. This study obtained data from Indonesia’s Financial Service Authority, the Financial Intelligence Unit and the relevant banks as well as other relevant evaluations reports and indexes. The results of this study are that the implementation of the AML program in Indonesia is good but still needs improvement in its risk-based preventive measure and enforcement measures. The results of this research also shows that the identification of beneficial owner is one of the problems faced by banks.

The role of education in curbing corruption: A comparison of Indonesia and Hong Kong

Ary Patria Sanjaya — 2023-11-30

Indonesia has been dealing with corruption for a long time. Several strategies are applied to address the complexities of corruption, one of which is anti-corruption education (ACE). Some countries have tried implementing ACE, with Hong Kong being one of the most successful. Using a comparative method, this study seeks to examine the impact of ACE on corruption, analyse how Hong Kong and Indonesia differ in implementing ACE, and develop suggestions for Indonesian leaders based on the best practices found in Hong Kong’s way of approaching ACE while still considering the Indonesian context. Improved collaborations among stakeholders (KPK, Ministries, and private parties), empowerment of schools and teachers, use of public media, and adequate political support are all found to be relevant to improving ACE in Indonesia.

Systematic literature review: Implementation of anti-corruption value insertion in educational institutions

Zahrotun Salimah — 2023-12-01

Indonesia has a serious corruption problem. All parties must participate in finding solutions to this issue, both through punitive and preventative measures. Education must have a role as a medium for building moral character. This study intends to explore anti-corruption value insertion implementation across a range of academic and extracurricular endeavors. A systematic literature review is applied in this study. This research reviews and analyzes articles on various anti-corruption value insertion strategies. This study makes use of 44 collected articles published within the last seven years. There have been several instances of anti-corruption value insertion through a variety of mechanisms. Anti-corruption principles can be indoctrinated within individuals through a variety of methods such as integration into subjects or courses, the use of teaching techniques, extracurricular activities, and administration or education management with an anti-corruption philosophy. Numerous parties have been active in anti-corruption preventative efforts. Therefore, it is hoped that this endeavor will support the government's plan for eradicating corruption.

Immunity rights for officials of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK): A proposed model

Alfons Zakaria — 2023-12-05

Attacks against officials of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) often happen. The attacks show that there is an attempt to hinder the progress of corruption cases being handled by the KPK or perhaps to take revenge. Therefore, in carrying out their duties, officials of KPK should receive legal protection, namely limited immunity rights. The limited immunity rights are not new in Indonesia; the law has granted it to several state institutions/agencies. The purpose of this paper is to offer a model for the regulation of limited immunity rights for the KPK. This paper proposes a model of limited immunity rights for KPK leaders, investigators,r and public prosecutors within the scope of carrying out their duties and exercising their authorities. The proposed model stipulates that KPK officials cannot be interrogated, arrested, detained, prosecuted, or sued when occupying their positions. However, the rights to immunity is limited only to the period of occupying a position at the KPK and does not apply if KPK officials receive severe sanctions for ethical violations or commit special crimes.

Anticorruption education ecosystems at State Islamic Universities in Indonesia

Abdul Kholiq — 2023-12-01

The corruption crisis in Indonesia has reached a dangerous level and must receive attention from all parties, including higher education institutions. Otherwise, it could lead to destruction in Indonesia. Despite focusing merely on describing anticorruption education ecosystems in religious universities, this study is significant for Indonesia's sustainable growth. Hence, this research aims to identify anticorruption education ecosystems at State Islamic Universities (PTKIN) in Indonesia. Using a descriptive quantitative method, the data was collected through a questionnaire with the indicators: (1) anticorruption value-creating networks; (2) a clean and transparent governance system, and (3) collective awareness of the need for a movement to fight corruption (shared logic). The questionnaire was distributed to Vice Rectors II (general administration, planning and finance) and the Heads of the SPI (Internal Supervisory Unit) at PTKIN. The results of this research proved that the characteristics of the educational ecosystem at PTKIN were quite supportive of anticorruption education, with an average score of 3.4833 (score category C). This finding still did not meet community expectations. Therefore, to create a better anticorruption education ecosystem, tighter laws and dedication from PTKIN leadership were required.