Skip to main content
Home > Issues > Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026) > Clean energy, clean governance: A diagnostic framework for preventing corruption in indonesia’s energy transition
RESEARCH ARTICLE Issue: Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026) | Published: 2026-06-24

Clean energy, clean governance: A diagnostic framework for preventing corruption in indonesia’s energy transition

1 Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
2 Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
3 Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
4 Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Downloads
159
Views
210
Citations
39

ABSTRACT

Indonesia’s energy transition involves large-scale infrastructure investment, complex procurement, regulatory uncertainty, fragmented oversight, and coordination among multiple public and private actors, conditions that structurally expose the transition to corruption risks. Yet existing governance frameworks often remain at the level of normative principles, or focus on sector-specific case studies, without translating anti-corruption safeguards into operational tools tailored to a specific country’s institutional context. This study addresses that gap by developing the Energy Transition Governance Framework (ETGF), an indicator-based diagnostic framework designed to assess governance quality and identify corruption vulnerabilities across Indonesia’s electricity transition. Using a qualitative, participatory framework-development approach that combines document analysis, iterative stakeholder validation through multistakeholder focus group discussions, and expert peer review, the study maps corruption risks across the renewable energy project lifecycle and synthesizes these findings with international governance benchmarks. The resulting framework is organized into three pillars, five dimensions, and 77 indicators applicable to both renewable energy expansion and fossil fuel retirement. ETGF is proposed as a diagnostic tool intended to support integrity-oriented oversight, although its practical effectiveness remains subject to future institutional adoption, data availability, and methodological refinement.

KEYWORDS

energy transition governance anti-corruption framework Indonesia renewable energy corruption risk integrity electricity sector

AUTHORS & AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Elisabeth Medina Dewi Saraswati

, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

Julius Ferdinand

, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

Mochamad Agung Sasongko

, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

Rika Krisdianawati

, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi
Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi

REFERENCES

Aditya, I. A., Wijayanto, T., & Hakam, D. F. (2025). Advancing renewable energy in Indonesia: A comprehensive analysis of challenges, opportunities, and strategic solutions. Sustainability, 17, 2216. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052216 Aldcroft, M., Fredriksen, C., & Memvuh, A. (2022). The role of supreme audit institutions in addressing corruption, including in emergency settings. In M. Newiak, A. Segura-Ubiergo, & A. A. Wane (Eds.), Good governance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities and lessons. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513584058.071 ASEAN Centre for Energy. (2025). A guide to a just and inclusive energy transition in ASEAN. https://aseanenergy.org/publications/a-guide-to-a-just-and-inclusive-energy-transition-in-asean/ Bass, A. E., & Grøgaard, B. (2021). The long-term energy transition: Drivers, outcomes, and the role of the multinational enterprise. Journal of International Business Studies, 52, 807–823. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00432-3 Caldecott, B., Clark, A., Koskelo, K., Mulholland, E., & Hickey, C. (2021). Stranded assets: Environmental drivers, societal challenges, and supervisory responses. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46, 417–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-101430 EITI. (2023). EITI standard 2023. Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. https://eiti.org/eiti-standard-2023 Eisenberg, M. A. (1989). The duty of care of corporate directors and officers. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Falkner, R. (2016). The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics. International Affairs, 92(5), 1107–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12708 Goh, D. (2025, September 24). The paradox in Southeast Asia’s decarbonization agenda. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/09/southeast-asia-decarbonization-geothermal-backlash-protest INTOSAI. (2013). ISSAI 100: Fundamental principles of public-sector auditing. International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. https://www.issai.org/pronouncements/issai-100-fundamental-principles-of-public-sector-auditing/ Kasekende, E., Abuka, C., & Sarr, M. (2016). Extractive industries and corruption: Investigating the effectiveness of EITI as a scrutiny mechanism. Resources Policy, 48, 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.03.001 Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling Corruption. University of California Press. Koo, M. G. (2023). South Korea’s renewable energy odyssey: A failed attempt at carbon-neutral growth without nuclear energy. In V. K. Aggarwal & M. A. T. Kenney (Eds.), Great power competition and middle power strategies: Economic statecraft in the Asia-Pacific region (pp. 209–226). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38024-2_10 Lee, J., & Liu, C. (2022). Public corruption and government management capacity. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(2), 397–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2021.1985538 Locatelli, G., Mariani, G., Sainati, T., & Greco, M. (2017). Corruption in public projects and megaprojects: There is an elephant in the room! International Journal of Project Management, 35(3), 252–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2016.09.010 Maulidia, M., Dargusch, P., Ashworth, P., & Ardiansyah, F. (2019). Rethinking renewable energy targets and electricity sector reform in Indonesia: A private sector perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 101, 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.005 Meckling, J., Sterner, T., & Wagner, G. (2017). Policy sequencing toward decarbonization. Nature Energy, 2(12), 918–922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0025-8 Mulyanto, D., Adiazma, D., Nurza, F., & Alatas, H. (2023). Kajian Kerentanan Korupsi pada Program Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya [Laporan Kajian]. KPK. Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2015). The quest for good governance: How societies develop control of corruption. Cambridge University Press. Nest, M., & Mullard, S. (2025). Climate governance in a fast-changing world: Evolving patterns of corruption risks (U4 Issue 2025:2). U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press. NRGI. (2023). Preventing corruption in energy transition mineral supply chains. Natural Resource Governance Institute. https://resourcegovernance.org/publications/preventing-corruption-energy-transition-mineral-supply-chains OECD. (2020). OECD Public Integrity Handbook. OECD Publishing. OECD. (2021). Clean energy finance and investment policy review of Indonesia. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/0007dd9d-en OECD. (2024). Responsible business conduct for sustainable infrastructure in Indonesia. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bf84ff64-en Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2013). Why anticorruption reforms fail—systemic corruption as a collective action problem. Governance, 26(3), 449–471. Radtke, J. (2025). Understanding the complexity of governing energy transitions: Introducing an integrated approach of policy and transition perspectives. Environmental Policy and Governance, 35, 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.2158 Rahman, K. (2020). Anti-corruption in the renewable energy sector (U4 Helpdesk Answer 2020:21). U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre / Transparency International. Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Sareen, S., & Haarstad, H. (2020). Bridging sociotechnical and justice aspects of sustainable energy transitions. Applied Energy, 263, 114551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114551 Sinha, A., Bekiros, S., Hussain, N., Nguyen, D. K., & Khan, S. A. (2023). How social imbalance and governance quality shape policy directives for energy transition in the OECD countries? Energy Economics, 120, 106642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106642 Sovacool, B. K. (2021). Clean, low-carbon but corrupt? Examining corruption risks and solutions for the renewable energy sector in Mexico, Malaysia, Kenya and South Africa. Energy Strategy Reviews, 38, 100723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100723 Sovacool, B. K., & Dworkin, M. H. (2015). Energy justice: Conceptual insights and practical applications. Applied Energy, 142, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.002 Sovacool, B. K., Mullard, S., & Ceballos, J. C. (2024). “Made for corruption?” Private sector actors, renewable energy, and corruption risks for wind power in Mexico and solar electricity in Kenya. The Electricity Journal, 37, 107448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2024.107448 Sujai, M., Wahyudi, R., & Sakina, N. A. (2023). Transition from coals to renewable energy: Evidence from Indonesia (ADBI Working Paper No. 1416). Asian Development Bank Institute. https://doi.org/10.56506/DMQN4483 U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. (2022). Greening energy: An anti-corruption primer (U4 Issue 2022:3). Chr. Michelsen Institute. U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre. (2023). Pathways for targeting renewable resource corruption (U4 Brief). Chr. Michelsen Institute. UNDP. (2023). Strengthening energy governance systems: An energy governance framework for a just energy transition. United Nations Development Programme. https://www.undp.org/publications/strengthening-energy-governance-systems-energy-governance-framework-just-energy-transition World Bank. (2009). Deterring corruption and improving governance in the electricity sector. World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

Open Access Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)

This work is published open-access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

HOW TO CITE

Saraswati, E. M. D., Ferdinand, J., Sasongko, M. A., & Krisdianawati, R. (2026). Clean energy, clean governance: A diagnostic framework for preventing corruption in indonesia’s energy transition. Integritas: Jurnal Antikorupsi, 12(1), 147-160. https://doi.org/10.32697/integritas.v12i1.1752

INDEXED BY: