Introducing an ethical lobbying regulation in Indonesia: A policy recommendation
Main Article Content
Abstract
One of the public participation forms in the democratic setting is the mechanism of lobbying. In various countries, this mechanism has been regulated by the governments in accordance with recommended standards. This paper seeks to examine the international standards and recommendations as well as the implementation of lobbying regulations in multiple countries. The analysis focuses on the efficacy of lobbying regulation in different contexts, including issues such as insufficient disclosure, noncompliance, and enforcement mechanisms, which vary between countries. Our finding is that the efficacy of lobbying regulation in the United States is facing persistent challenges, including insufficient disclosure and potential noncompliance, which require deeper scrutiny and enforcement mechanisms. In Ireland, inadequate mitigation exists in regulating international lobbying and extraterritorial enforcement, a notable deficiency that needs to be addressed and solved. In Australia, however, there has been a progression from minimalistic approaches to more stringent legislative frameworks, albeit predominantly focused on third-party lobbyists, and therefore, there is still a lack of monitoring of other types. This situation underscores the need for comprehensive reform to address waning public trust in democratic institutions. Finally, we propose a recommendation for the lobbying regulation to be applied in Indonesia in order to enhance integrity and promote transparency throughout the policy formulation process.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alemanno, A. (2023). The Lobbying for Good Movement. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 22(1), 36–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.48558/1AES-X733
ANTARA. (2024, February 21). Indonesia is one step closer to becoming OECD member: Minister. Retrieved February 26, 2024, from ANTARANews: https://en.antaranews.com/news/306636/indonesia-is-one-step-closer-to-becoming-oecd-member-minister
Ardhian, D., Adiwibowo, S., & Wahyuni, E. (2016). Peran dan strategi organisasi non Pemerintah dalam Arena Politik Lingkungan Hidup (Role and Strategy of NGOs in Environmental Political Arena). Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan,, 210-216. doi: 4.10.22500/sodality.v4i3.14429
Australian Government - Attorney General's Department. (2024, March 14). Retrieved March 14, 2024, from The Lobbyist Register: https://lobbyists.ag.gov.au/register
Ban, P., Palmer, M., & Schneer, B. (2019). From the Halls of Congress to K Street: Government Experience and its Value for Lobbying. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 44, 713-752. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12250
Baumgartner, F. R., & Leech, B. L. (1998). Basic Interests. Princeton University Press.
Cameron, S., & McAllister, I. (2019). The 2019 Federal Election: Results from the Australian Election Study.
Chari, R., Hogan, J., Murphy, G., & Crepaz, M. (2019). Regulating lobbying: A global comparison (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Council of Europe. (2017). Legal Regulation Of Lobbying Activities In The Context Of Public Decision Making. Council of Europe Publishing. Retrieved from https://book.coe.int
Crepaz, M. (2020). To inform, strategise, collaborate, or compete: what use do lobbyists make of lobby registers? European Political Science Review, 12, 347–369. doi:10.1017/S1755773920000156
Dür, A., & Bièvre, D. D. (2007). The Question of Interest Group Influence. Journal of Public Policy, 27(1), 1-12. doi:10.1017/S0143814X07000591
Durkee, M. J. (2018). International Lobbying Law. The Yale Law Journal, 127, 1742-1826. Retrieved from https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/Durkee_z5g7ia4a.pdf
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2024). Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
Fine Gael & Labour Party. (2011). Towards recovery: programme for a national government 2011–2016.
Fine Gael. (2011). Fine Gael Manifesto: Let’s get Ireland working. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from https://issuu.com/exsite/docs/fine_gael_manifesto
Halpin, D., & Warhurst, J. (2016). Commercial Lobbying in Australia: Exploring the Australian Lobbying Register. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 75(1), 100-110.
Haute Autorité Pour La Transparence De La Vie Publique (HATVP) - High Authority for Transparency in Public Life. (2023, July). Regulating lobbying: international comparative table. Retrieved February 28, 2024, from High Authority for Transparency in Public Life: https://www.hatvp.fr/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/International_comparative_lobbying_table_2023.pdf
Hogan, J., & Bitonti, A. (2021). Lobbying Regulation. In P. Harris, A. Bitonti, C. S. Fleisher, & A. S. Binderkrantz, The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs. Basingstoke: Palgrave. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_105-1
House of Representatives of Indonesia. (2024, February 27). Program Legislasi Nasional (National Legislation Program). Retrieved February 27, 2024, from Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia: https://www.dpr.go.id/uu/prolegnas-long-list
Isnaini, D. (2021). Indonesia’s Climate Change Policies: Under the Tug of Domestic and International Influences. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, 1(2), 111-141. doi:https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.1.2.2021.111-141
Jotzo, F. (2018). Can indonesia lead on climate change? In I.–Y. I. Institute, Indonesia Rising: The Repositioning of Asia’s Third Giant (pp. 93-116). Singapore.
Katsaitis, A. (2024). Mapping and Analysing Lobbying Registers. Stockholm: International IDEA. doi:10.31752/idea.2024.3.
Keeling, S., Feeney, S., & Hogan, J. (2017). Transparency! Transparency? Comparing the new lobbying legislation in Ireland and the UK. Int Groups Adv., 6, 121–142. doi:10.1057/s41309-017-0015-z
Ki Hong, T. R. (2023, 06 11). Lobbying regulation: a global phenomenon: Reuters. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/lobbying-regulation-global-phenomenon-2023-11-06/
Laboutková, S., Simral, V., & Vymětal, P. (2020). Past and Present Practices of Lobbying and Its Regulation. In Transparent Lobbying and Democracy (pp. 143-179). Springer International Publishing AG. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36044-3_6
LaPira, T., & Thomas, H. (2014). Revolving door lobbyists and interest representation. Interest Groups & Advocacy, 3, 4-29. doi:10.1057/iga.2013.16
McGrath, C. (2011). Lobbying in Ireland: a reform agenda. Journal of Public Affairs, 11(2), 127-134.
Murphy, G., Gillanders, R., & Breen, M. (2019). A question of political will: Corruption and Public Administration in Ireland (Vol. 38 (1)). Retrieved from https://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/681/644
Ng, Y. (2020). Regulating the Influencers: The Evolution of Lobbying Regulation in Australia. Adelaide Law Review, 41(2), 507-543.
opensecret.org. (2024). Federal Lobbying. Retrieved March 11, 2024, from opensecret.org: https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Recommendation of the Council on Principles for Transparency and Integrity in Lobbying. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Reilly, M. (n.d.). What the Irish Regulation of Lobbying Act 2015 has failed to tackle. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from The Curious Case of International Lobbying: https://sites.google.com/view/regulating-lobbying/home/work-of-colleagues/the-curious-case-of-international-lobbying
South Australian Government. (2024, March 14). Retrieved March 14, 2024, from South Australian Lobbyist Register: https://www.lobbyists.sa.gov.au/
Standards in Public Office Commission (SIPO). (2023). The Regulation of Lobbying and Oireachtas (Allowances to Members) (Amendment) Act 2023. Dublin: SIPO. Retrieved March 14, 2024, from https://www.lobbying.ie/about-us/legislation/the-regulation-of-lobbying-and-oireachtas-allowances-to-members-amendment-act-2023/
Statista Research Department. (2024, March 8). Total number of registered lobbyists in the United States from 2000 to 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2024, from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/257340/number-of-lobbyists-in-the-us/
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2021). Lobbying in the 21st Century: Transparency, Integrity and Access. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/c6d8eff8-en
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2004). United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Vienna. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/brussels/UN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf
Transparency International. (2019). Recommendations On Lobbying For OGP Action Plans. Berlin.
Transparency International; Access Info Europe; Open Knowledge; Sunlight Foundation. (2015). International Standards For Lobbying Regulation. Access Info Europe, Open Knowledge, Sunlight Foundation, Transparency International. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from lobbyingtransparency.net
United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2023). 2022 Lobbying Disclosure Observations on Compliance with Requirements. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105989