Politik Uang dan New Normal dalam Pemilu Paska-Orde Baru
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
How many voters sell their votes in Indonesia, and how effective is it? Elaborated from a wide range of survey methods —whether individual, observational, or derived from the list-experiment, the proportion of voters participating in vote-buying in the 2019 election was between 19,4% and 33,1%. This range is comparatively high by international standards, with Indonesia’s level of vote buying being the third largest in the world. Given that the list-experiment and the straight-forward survey questions result inconsistent findings, it can be concluded that vote buying is less likely to be stigmatized, and such practice has become a new normal during the election. This study also finds that Indonesia’s open-list proportional system shapes the supply-side of vote buying. Under such an electoral system, candidates are forced to compete against co-partisans for personal votes. And because, according to the open-list system, a seat (or seats) secured by a party must be allocated to that party’s candidates who obtained the most individual votes, candidates only need to win a small slice of the votes to defeat their co-partisans. To do so, they need to differentiate themselves from their party peers, including by buying votes.
Keywords: Vote Buying, Intra-Party Competition, Open-List Proportional System
Article Details
References
Aspinall, E. dan Sukmajati, M. 2016. Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Singapore: NUS Press.
Aspinall, E., Davidson, M., Hicken, A., dan Weiss, M. 2015. “Inducement or Entry Ticket? Broker Networks and Vote Buying in Indonesia.†Paper presented at American Political Science Association Conference, 3–6 September, San Francisco.
Brusco, V., Nazareno, M., dan Stokes, S. 2004. Vote Buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review 39(2): 66–88.
Carey, J. dan Shugart, M.S. 1995. “Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.†Electoral Studies 14 (4): 417–435.
Chang, E.C.C. 2005. “Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption under Open-list Proportional Representation.†Journal of Politics 67(3): 716–730.
Choi, N. 2007. “Local Elections and Democracy in Indonesia: The Riau Archipelago.†Journal of Contemporary Asia 37(3): 326–345.
Corstange, D. 2012. “Vote Trafficking in Lebanon.†International Journal Middle East Studies 44 (2012): 483–505.
De Jonge, C.P.K. 2015. “Who Lies about Electoral Gifts? Experimental Evidence from Latin America.†Public Opinion Quarterly 79 (3), Fall: 710–739.
Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengembangan KPK. 2013. Laporan Hasil Penelitian: Survei Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Integritas Pemilu 2013. KPK: Jakarta
Gonzalez-Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C.K., Meléndez, C., Osorio, J., dan Nickerson, D.W. 2012. “Vote Buying and Social Desirability Bias: Experimental Evidence from Nicaragua.†American Journal of Political Science 56(1) January: 202–217.
Hadiz, V.R. 2010. Localising Power in Post-authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Hicken, A. 2007a. “How Do Rules and Institutions Encourage Vote Buying?†Dalam F.C. Schaffer (ed) Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publisher, Inc.
——— 2007b. “How Effective are Institutional Reforms?†Dalam F.C. Schaffer (ed) Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publisher, Inc.
Kerkvliet, B.J. 1991. “Understanding Politics in a Nueva Ecija Rural Community.†Dalam B. Kerkvliet and R. Mojares (eds) From Marcos to Aquino: Local Perspectives on Political Transition in the Philippines. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Muhtadi, B. 2015. “Money Politics and the Prisoner’s Dilemma.†New Mandala. 19 November.
_______ 2018a. “Buying Votes in Indonesia: Partisans, Personal Networks, and Winning Margins.†A PhD thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy, The Australian National University.
_______ 2018b. “Komoditas Demokrasi: Efek Sistem Pemilu terhadap Maraknya Jual Beli Suara.†Dalam Mada Sukmajati dan Aditya Perdana. Pembiayaan Pemilu di Indonesia. Jakarta: Bawaslu.
_______ 2019. Vote Buying in Indonesia The Mechanics of Electoral Bribery. Singapore: Springer.
Norris, P. 2006. “Recruitment.†Dalam R.S. Katz and W.J. Crotty (eds) Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage Publications.
Rich, R. 2013. Parties and Parliaments in Southeast Asia: Non-partisan Chambers in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. London and New York: Routledge.
Schaffer, F.C. dan Schedler, A. 2007. “What is Vote Buying?†Dalam F.C. Schaffer (ed) Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
Sherlock, S. 2009. “Indonesia’s 2009 Elections: The New Electoral System and the Competing Parties.†CDI Policy Papers on Political Governance. Canberra: Centre for Democratic Institutions.
Stokes, S.C. 2005. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina.†American Political Science Review 99(3).
Van de Walle, N. 2007 “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.†Dalam H. Kitschelt dan S. Wilkinson (eds) Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Vlaicu, R. 2016. Why Do Politicians Buy Votes? Ideas Matter. Akses di https:// blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/vote-buying-an-age-old-political-practice/